# School of Politics, Policy & Governance (SPPG)

> SPPG builds a value-based political class of servant leaders across Africa through the Certificate in Public Leadership and Policy, a 10-month hybrid programme. It is a pillar of Dr Oby Ezekwesili's #FixPolitics initiative. Founded in 2021, with over 1,000 graduates across Nigeria, Senegal and Kenya and a path toward 20 African countries.

The site is prerendered static HTML; every page is readable without running JavaScript. Applications are handled on external Airtable and Fillout forms.

## Main pages
- [Home](https://www.thesppg.org/): SPPG builds a generation of value-driven, disruptive public leaders across Africa.
- [About](https://www.thesppg.org/about): From research in Berlin to classrooms across Africa: the story, vision and values behind the School of Politics, Policy & Governance.
- [The Program](https://www.thesppg.org/program): The Certificate in Public Leadership & Policy: a 10-month hybrid program of 26 core modules, culminating in a community Capstone.
- [Curriculum](https://www.thesppg.org/curriculum): 26 core modules across seven thematic areas and 140+ topics, built around Africa's real development challenges.
- [Faculty](https://www.thesppg.org/faculty): World-renowned practitioners and academics who deliver the SPPG curriculum and embody character, competence and capacity.
- [Admissions](https://www.thesppg.org/admissions): Who can apply to SPPG, what the application requires, and how to join the next class of value-based public leaders.
- [Apply](https://www.thesppg.org/apply): Choose your country and start your SPPG application. Intakes run in Nigeria, Kenya and Senegal.
- [Impact & Alumni](https://www.thesppg.org/impact): Over 1,000 graduates across Africa, with alumni contesting elections, winning primaries and serving in public office.
- [Global Reach](https://www.thesppg.org/global-reach): Founded in Nigeria, growing across Africa. SPPG runs in Nigeria, Senegal, Kenya and Ghana, building towards 20 African countries.
- [Events & Initiatives](https://www.thesppg.org/events): The Africa Conference and the initiatives through which SPPG convenes leaders, reformers and citizens.
- [Partnerships](https://www.thesppg.org/partners): The institutions and partners working with SPPG to build a value-based political class across Africa.
- [Contact](https://www.thesppg.org/contact): Reach the SPPG Student Liaison Office in Nigeria, Kenya or Senegal, and see our virtual office hours.

## #Finding — the national search
"A national search for the best of us to join politics." Each page profiles one exemplary Nigerian and offers a Founders Scholarship route into the next class. Every page carries its own tracked application link.
- [Ibiwunmi Akinnola](https://www.thesppg.org/findingibiwunmi): Ibiwunmi is an educator who started a school for the youngest learners 25 years ago, sent 400 children to the best schools in Lagos, and has since advocated nationally for widows and vulnerable children.
- [Bernice Asein](https://www.thesppg.org/findingbernice): Bernice Asein built Africa's first Fashion Law Institute and joined SPPG to learn how policy and governance can strengthen Africa's creative economy.
- [Samson Itodo](https://www.thesppg.org/findingsamson): Samson is an election integrity advocate who has been on the ground at every major Nigerian election, building the systems that make rigging harder and accountability impossible to ignore.
- [Chidi Odinakalu](https://www.thesppg.org/findingchidi): Chidi is a human rights lawyer and former Chairman of the National Human Rights Commission who has spent his career forcing Nigeria's laws to actually mean something for ordinary people.
- [Yetunde Ani-Baba](https://www.thesppg.org/findingyetunde): Yetunde is a governance practitioner and faculty member who has dedicated her work to forming leaders from the inside out, in classrooms, in institutions, and in the minds of Nigeria's future public servants.
- [Dr. Ola Brown](https://www.thesppg.org/findingola): Dr. Ola is a physician who decided it was unacceptable that Nigerians were dying because help could not reach them, so she built West Africa's first air ambulance service.
- [Professor Remi Sonaiya](https://www.thesppg.org/findingremi): Remi is a professor and linguist who ran for president in 2015, not to win a seat, but to prove that integrity in public life is not naive. It is necessary.
- [Oluseun Onigbinde](https://www.thesppg.org/findingseun): Seun co-founded BudgIT, which took Nigeria's budget out of the fine print and put it in front of citizens, so people could see, in plain terms, where public money goes.
- [Roberta Okereke](https://www.thesppg.org/findingroberta): Roberta is the person alumni thank by name when a cohort graduates: the Experience Lead who turns a 33-week curriculum into a class that actually comes together.
- [Dr. Abiola Akiyode-Afolabi](https://www.thesppg.org/findingabiola): Abiola is a gender justice lawyer who spent her career fighting systems that excluded people, and now runs the school training the leaders who will fix those systems.
- [Temilola Achakobe](https://www.thesppg.org/findingtemilola): Temilola leads admissions at SPPG, deciding who is granted access to Nigeria's foremost political leadership programme, and was thanked by name at graduation as the person who shapes every cohort before a single class begins.
- [Anthony Ubani](https://www.thesppg.org/findinganthony): Anthony is a reform organiser who takes citizen frustration, turns it into structured proposals, and turns those proposals into one of Nigeria's most consequential civic movements, every single day.
- [Frank Nweke II](https://www.thesppg.org/findingfrank): Frank is a former Federal Minister who now co-chairs FixPolitics, working from inside the system to rebuild Nigeria's political infrastructure from the roots up.
- [Dr. Obiageli "Oby" Ezekwesili](https://www.thesppg.org/findingoby): Oby is a renowned economic policy expert, a former Minister of Minerals and of Education, a former Vice President of the World Bank and a co-founder of Transparency International. She is also a co-convener of #BringBackOurGirls and the founder of FixPolitics and SPPG: a career spent building the institutions that hold power to account.
- [Dr. Amina Salihu](https://www.thesppg.org/findingamina): Amina is the Founding Dean of SPPG and author of Leading With Our Humanity, the person who set the philosophical and institutional foundation of Nigeria's foremost political leadership school.
- [Bunmi Lawson](https://www.thesppg.org/findingbunmi): Bunmi is the pioneer CEO of Nigeria's first education finance bank and helped build PADI, the country's first homegrown tool for tracking its own political health.
- [Tito Aderoju](https://www.thesppg.org/findingtito): Tito leads the FixPolitics working group where Nigeria's most entrenched political problems are taken apart and rebuilt into solutions, proof that the real reform happens away from the headlines.
- [Omagbitse Barrow](https://www.thesppg.org/findingomagbitse): Omagbitse left two decades in investment banking and HR to teach civic and financial literacy, and ran for the House of Representatives on a crowd-funded, anti-godfather campaign.
- [Seun Okinbaloye](https://www.thesppg.org/findingokinbaloye): Seun is Channels Television's Political Editor and host of Politics Today, who has led election-coverage teams through multiple general elections and interviewed the country's most powerful figures.
- [Chima Williams](https://www.thesppg.org/findingchima): Chima is the environmental lawyer who led the 13-year fight that made Shell liable in The Hague for oil spills in the Niger Delta, and became only the third Nigerian to win the Goldman Environmental Prize.
- [Ekaete George](https://www.thesppg.org/findingekaete): Ekaete is a poet and development communicator from Port Harcourt whose work confronts environmental degradation and gender-based violence in the Niger Delta.
- [Lesley Agams](https://www.thesppg.org/findinglesley): Lesley is a lawyer and human rights defender who founded a Women's Crisis Centre giving free legal support to survivors of gender-based violence, and the only woman to win Nigeria's national Man of the Year award.
- [Arc. Nkem Mike Nwafor](https://www.thesppg.org/findingnkem): Nkem is an architect with four decades in practice who turned a dysfunctional state housing agency around and introduced building technology that changed the cost of affordable housing in Nigeria.
- [Adewunmi Emoruwa](https://www.thesppg.org/findingadewunmi): Adewunmi is the founder of the public strategy firm Gatefield and helped lead the Not Too Young To Run campaign that lowered the age limits for elective office in Nigeria.
- [Idayat Hassan](https://www.thesppg.org/findingidayat): Idayat directs the Centre for Democracy and Development, which she grew into one of sub-Saharan Africa's top think tanks, and built its tools for tracking electoral fraud and disinformation.
- [Tonye Cole](https://www.thesppg.org/findingtonye): Tonye co-founded the energy group Sahara, then resigned all his roles to enter politics, winning a governorship primary in Rivers State and later declaring for the presidency.
- [Lami Phillips-Gbadamosi](https://www.thesppg.org/findinglami): Lami is one of Nigeria's foremost afrosoul singers who uses her platform to run leadership workshops for young people and speak openly about mental health and women's dignity.
- [Abisoye Ajayi-Akinfolarin](https://www.thesppg.org/findingabisoye): Abisoye founded Pearls Africa, teaching coding and digital skills to girls in underserved communities like Makoko, and was named a CNN Hero and a BBC 100 Women honoree.
- [Jude 'MI' Abaga](https://www.thesppg.org/findingjude): Jude, better known as MI Abaga, is one of Nigeria's most influential rappers and the former CEO of Chocolate City, and a vocal commentator on Nigerian politics to millions of followers.
- [Aisha Salaudeen](https://www.thesppg.org/findingaisha): Aisha is an award-winning multimedia journalist, formerly with CNN International, who told human-interest stories across more than twenty African countries.
- [Leke Alder](https://www.thesppg.org/findingleke): Leke is the consultant credited with introducing branding as a formal discipline in Nigeria, who has advised the Federal Government on strategy and mentors young entrepreneurs.
- [Mary Ikoku](https://www.thesppg.org/findingmary): Mary is a communications strategist and 2023 House of Representatives aspirant who founded Working Moms Africa and Emerge Women, and was the only Nigerian on Mindr's global 30 Women of Influence list.
- [Ayisha Osori](https://www.thesppg.org/findingayisha): Ayisha is a lawyer and author who runs the Open Society Initiative for West Africa across ten countries, and turned losing a National Assembly primary into the book Love Does Not Win Elections.
- [Mercy Abang](https://www.thesppg.org/findingmercy): Mercy is an award-winning journalist known for self-funded reporting on the people the news forgets, now CEO of Hostwriter, a global network of thousands of journalists.
- [Dr. Aloy Chife](https://www.thesppg.org/findingaloy): Aloy is one of the highest-ranking Nigerians to have held an executive role at Apple, who came home to build the technology behind Nigeria's driver's licence, immigration and civil registry systems.
- [Ayo Bankole-Akintujoye](https://www.thesppg.org/findingayo): Ayo is a strategy and transformation professional who has advised over 320 organisations and, through his SME Bootcamp, supported more than 10,000 African small businesses.
- [Prince Bimbo Olashore](https://www.thesppg.org/findingbimbo): Bimbo is an investment banker and former bank MD who chairs the board of one of Nigeria's top schools, founded by his late father, and invests in his hometown.
- [Femi Awoyemi](https://www.thesppg.org/findingfemi): Femi founded Proshare, Nigeria's leading financial information hub, on a tight budget from the UK, and is a steady voice on the country's economy and governance.
- [Fakhrriyyah Hashim](https://www.thesppg.org/findingfakhrriyyah): Fakhrriyyah is a founding member of Nigeria's Feminist Coalition who started the #ArewaMeToo movement, giving women across Northern Nigeria a platform to speak out against abuse for the first time.
- [Richard Mammah](https://www.thesppg.org/findingrichard): Richard is a journalist, author and publisher of The Difference Newspaper who convenes the annual Africa Day Colloquium and campaigns for Nigeria's declining reading culture.
- [Emeka Okoye](https://www.thesppg.org/findingemeka): Emeka co-founded one of Nigeria's earliest startups and built the country's first internet banking app, then built Revoda, Africa's first mobile app for crowdsourcing election-day data from citizens.
- [Ije Nwokorie](https://www.thesppg.org/findingije): Ije is the Chief Brand Officer of Dr. Martens and former global CEO of Wolff Olins, one of the world's leading creative consultancies, named among the UK's most creative leaders.
- [Ebere Ifendu](https://www.thesppg.org/findingebere): Ebere is a lawyer and the first woman elected National Publicity Secretary of a major Nigerian party, who now leads the Women in Politics Forum, training women candidates who have gone on to win seats.
- [Uche Igwe](https://www.thesppg.org/findinguche): Uche is a political economy analyst and LSE fellow who has spent two decades working with Nigeria's parliament and transparency initiatives, researching the ethics of corruption and anti-corruption.
- [Maureen Kabrik](https://www.thesppg.org/findingmaureen): Maureen is a long-standing member of #BringBackOurGirls and one of the visible voices of #EndSARS, a businesswoman who has consistently used her platform to demand accountability.
- [Dr. Charles Omole](https://www.thesppg.org/findingcharles): Charles is a Nigerian-British lawyer and security-sector expert who has advised governments across three continents and sits as a judge on the London Circuit.
- [Oluyomi Ojo](https://www.thesppg.org/findingoluyomi): Oluyomi founded Printivo, a print platform that helped over 20,000 small businesses and creatives produce professional materials, and grew it for six years as CEO.
- [Florence Ozor](https://www.thesppg.org/findingflorence): Florence is one of the pioneers of the Bring Back Our Girls movement, joining the first protest in 2014, and now a nationally recognised women's rights advocate through her foundation.
- [Dimeji Salaudeen](https://www.thesppg.org/findingdimeji): Dimeji is a KPMG partner who led the audit that uncovered massive irregularities in Nigeria's fuel subsidy scheme, testifying before the Senate on over ₦1.6 trillion in overpayments.
- [Nonso Obikili](https://www.thesppg.org/findingnonso): Nonso is an economist who works in the UN's office in Nigeria coordinating progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, and traces how history still shapes the country's development today.
- [Chinenye Mba-Uzoukwu](https://www.thesppg.org/findingchinenye): Chinenye is a technology leader who ran Microsoft's business across Anglophone West Africa and now, as president of the software practitioners' institute, publicly analyses the tech behind Nigeria's elections.
- [Bisi Ogunwale](https://www.thesppg.org/findingbisi): Bisi ran to unseat an incumbent for a state assembly seat in his 30s, then wrote Stepping Out, documenting what it actually takes to run and how parties can include younger candidates.
- [Prof. Temitope Oriola](https://www.thesppg.org/findingtope): Temitope is a professor of criminology and associate dean who has published some of the few serious studies of political kidnapping and security in Nigeria, and advised a government police review.
- [Betty Abah](https://www.thesppg.org/findingbetty): Betty is a journalist and activist who founded CEE-HOPE, working with at-risk girls in slum communities across several Nigerian states on teenage pregnancy, school drop-out and child marriage.
- [Ifeoma Fafunwa](https://www.thesppg.org/findingifeoma): Ifeoma is a theatre director whose production HEAR WORD!, built from the true stories of Nigerian women, has been seen by over 120,000 people worldwide, from Harvard to the Tate.
- [Nkoyo Toyo](https://www.thesppg.org/findingnkoyo): Nkoyo is a lawyer and activist who helped shape Nigeria's national gender policies, served as ambassador to Ethiopia and the African Union, and was elected to the House of Representatives.
- [Dike Chukwumerije](https://www.thesppg.org/findingdike): Dike is Nigeria's most prolific performance poet and an award-winning author whose Made in Nigeria show has traced the country's history through poetry, music and dance across more than 20 states.
- [Abiodun 'Abi' Adisa](https://www.thesppg.org/findingabiodun): Abi is an investor who runs an alternative asset manager backing early-stage West African companies, a Wharton MBA and World Economic Forum venture fellow.
- [Dr. Okezie Kelechukwu](https://www.thesppg.org/findingokezie): Okezie is an Ashoka Fellow who founded the Neighbourhood Environment Watch Foundation, training rural communities, especially women, in agroforestry to reclaim land lost to mining and deforestation.
- [Dr. Chido Onuomah](https://www.thesppg.org/findingchido): Chido is a journalist and rights activist who reported through the Abacha military regime at real personal risk, and now leads work on media literacy and whistleblower protection.
- [Jide Martyns Okeke](https://www.thesppg.org/findingjide): Jide directs the UN Development Programme's regional programme for Africa, coordinating governance, peacebuilding and electoral support across the continent, including a fund for free and fair elections.
- [Iyinoluwa Aboyeji](https://www.thesppg.org/findingiyin): Iyin co-founded Andela and Flutterwave, two companies that opened global tech careers to thousands of young Africans and gave African businesses payment rails to the world, and now funds the next founders.
- [Abba Gadzama](https://www.thesppg.org/findingabba): Abba directs special initiatives at the African International Documentary Festival Foundation, promoting under-represented African storytellers to global audiences and partnering with state governments on cultural heritage.
- [Tolulope Makinwa](https://www.thesppg.org/findingtolulope): Tolulope founded Muazu Africa, surveyed over 500 rural enterprises across all 774 local governments, and is launching a fund to close Nigeria's ₦4 trillion rural financing gap.
- [Dr. Aderonke Kujore](https://www.thesppg.org/findingaderonke): Aderonke is an education advocate who has built over 100 children's libraries, reaches around 50,000 children a year with digital literacy, and helped pass the law on out-of-school children.
- [Titilola Vivour-Adeniyi](https://www.thesppg.org/findingtitilola): Titilola directs Lagos State's domestic and sexual violence agency, where she transformed how police, health and courts respond to gender-based violence and framed it as a multi-billion-naira economic issue.
- [Kay Akintemi](https://www.thesppg.org/findingkay): Kay is a broadcaster at Arise TV who went to SPPG to close the gap between political reporting and real policy understanding, so millions of viewers grasp what the news means for them.
- [Opeyemi Adamolekun](https://www.thesppg.org/findingyemi): Opeyemi is the pioneer Executive Director of EiE Nigeria, who led the country's longest-running voter education campaign, co-founded the Office of the Citizen movement, and was at the frontlines of #EndSARS and #OccupyNigeria.
- [Aisha Yesufu](https://www.thesppg.org/findingyesufu): Aisha is the co-convener of #BringBackOurGirls and #EndSARS, one of Nigeria's most fearless civic voices, a private citizen who turned grief into a movement and presence into pressure.
- [Rinu Oduala](https://www.thesppg.org/findingrinu): Rinu was at the Lekki toll gate on 20 October 2020, and enrolled at SPPG to deepen her understanding of the systems she had been fighting, turning activism into precise reform advocacy.
- [Anthonia Folashade](https://www.thesppg.org/findingfolashade): Anthonia is rewriting how Nigeria talks about tax, one policy and one video at a time, making a subject most people avoid into something citizens can actually follow.
- [Anuli Aniebo](https://www.thesppg.org/findinganuli): Anuli spent seventeen years pushing women into rooms of power, and is now stepping into one herself.
- [Hawwah Gambo](https://www.thesppg.org/findinghawwah): Hawwah spent over a decade as a broadcaster and columnist, contested the 2023 House race as the best-performing ADC candidate in Kaduna, and founded an initiative against gender-based violence in Northern Nigeria.
- [Olamide Lawal](https://www.thesppg.org/findingolamide): Olamide is Special Adviser on Youth Affairs to the Governor of Ogun State, a former student union president who has become a leading voice on youth political participation.
- [Stephen Angbulu](https://www.thesppg.org/findingstephen): Stephen covers the presidency, politics and human trafficking for The Punch, Nigeria's most widely read newspaper, and writes a column on the inner workings of Aso Rock.
- [Sen. Prof. John Abraham Godson](https://www.thesppg.org/findingjohn): John made history as the first Black member of Poland's parliament, chaired its Africa group, and now advises Nigeria's Diaspora Commission and its Agenda 2050 planning.
- [Amirah Hassan](https://www.thesppg.org/findingamirah): Amirah turned six years of facilities management into a push for better public infrastructure, co-founding a civic-participation app, a clean-waste initiative, and a shelter for homeless Nigerians.
- [Sam Ifeanyi Hart](https://www.thesppg.org/findingsam): Sam has led Abia State's marketing and quality agency since 2019, expanding markets for Aba-made goods, and drew CNN coverage for organising local tailors to mass-produce PPE during COVID.
- [Kelechi Imo](https://www.thesppg.org/findingkelechi): Kelechi served as course rep for four years, negotiating a change to final exams never achieved before in his department, and has mentored over 500 school leavers on careers and skills.
- [Paulinarh Ogunleye](https://www.thesppg.org/findingpaulinarh): Paulinarh is a governance and social-development consultant whose service year became a launchpad, bringing digital skills to underserved youth, work recognised with a presidential honour.
- [Boluwaji Onabolu](https://www.thesppg.org/findingboluwaji): Boluwaji is a Professor of Practice who leads water and sanitation initiatives, heads the network for women in the sector, and convenes a youth governance advocacy group.
- [Dr. Constance Ikokwu](https://www.thesppg.org/findingconstance): Constance is a widely recognised journalist and news analyst on Arise TV who has now announced she is stepping away from journalism to contest a House of Representatives seat.
- [Alexander Tsado](https://www.thesppg.org/findingalexander): Alexander is a former Nvidia executive who helped launch its cloud AI business, and now works with African governments to build GPU infrastructure and train up to 1,000 new AI builders across the continent.
- [Dr. Joseph Onoja](https://www.thesppg.org/findingjoseph): Joseph leads the Nigerian Conservation Foundation, driving biodiversity and climate work including large tree-planting and the conservation of species like the Cross River Gorilla, and represents Nigeria at COP.
- [Princess Omowunmi Agunbiade](https://www.thesppg.org/findingprincess): Omowunmi is a development coach, author and gender-equality advocate, a beauty-pageant titleholder and UNESCO youth fellow who has equipped over 1,000 young people with digital skills.
- [Bayode Oke Thomas](https://www.thesppg.org/findingbayode): Bayode leads Nigerian operations for a teleradiology company connecting hospitals to radiologists, a medical doctor and Diana Award recipient who co-founded a mentorship initiative.
- [Hansatu Adegbite](https://www.thesppg.org/findinghansatu): Hansatu led WIMBIZ for seven years, building it into a network that shapes how Nigeria talks about women in business, and now advises UN Women on how the private sector delivers on that promise.
- [Adeola Azeez](https://www.thesppg.org/findingadeola): Adeola is a member of SPPG's pioneer class who put the training into practice, contesting the 2023 House race on a platform of electricity, jobs and education, and pushing for more women in government.
- [Obinna Gabriel](https://www.thesppg.org/findingobinna): Obinna is a grassroots advocate who fixed a road in Kwara, ran a gender-based-violence campaign reaching over 5,000 students, and brought clean water to more than 2,000 people in his home community.
- [Duke Olurin](https://www.thesppg.org/findingduke): Duke is a child-rights advocate and education reformer across Ibadan and Lagos who sponsors vulnerable students, led digital-access advocacy, and rescued an abused minor.
- [Rex Rim-Rukeh](https://www.thesppg.org/findingrex): Rex is a peacebuilding and conflict-resolution practitioner working in some of Nigeria's most underreported communities, doing the slow, unglamorous work of rebuilding social cohesion where it has broken down.
- [Arinola Oloko](https://www.thesppg.org/findingarinola): Arinola directs the SPPG Public Leaders Network, building the connective tissue between governance, civic action and policy, and turning SPPG's alumni into an active force for institutional change.
- [Ayobami Olunloyo](https://www.thesppg.org/findingayobami): Ayobami is a civic engagement and policy-translation practitioner from SPPG's inaugural cohort who has spent his career making governance legible and accessible to ordinary Nigerians.
- [Joyce Daniels](https://www.thesppg.org/findingjoyce): Joyce is a media and communications professional who applies the power of narrative to public accountability, making policy accessible and civic engagement feel personal.
- [Kate Henshaw](https://www.thesppg.org/findingkate): Kate is an award-winning actress and FixPolitics Ambassador who takes the civic conversation from policy papers into living rooms and timelines, making active citizenship feel personal for millions.
- [Lailah Gambo](https://www.thesppg.org/findinglailah): Lailah is an urban planner and former Central Bank data manager who left to bring Hausa-speaking youth in Northern Nigeria into the digital economy, training over 1,000 in data skills.
- [Amara Nwankpa](https://www.thesppg.org/findingamara): Amara is a public policy and governance expert who directs public-policy work at the Shehu Musa Yar'Adua Foundation, strengthening Nigeria's democratic institutions and turning evidence into policy citizens can hold power to.
- [Precious Ebere](https://www.thesppg.org/findingprecious): Precious is a Chevening Scholar who earned a Master's in Social and Public Policy at Cardiff, then came home to found DO Take Action, mobilising Africans to act on the issues in their own communities and moving two Nigerian states to adopt new policy.
- [Alero Ayida-Otobo](https://www.thesppg.org/findingalero): Alero is the Chief Executive of SPPG, who has grown it into West Africa's foremost political leadership institution, training a generation of Nigerians to lead with integrity.
- [Edith Yassin](https://www.thesppg.org/findingedith): Edith is a coordinator of the #BringBackOurGirls movement, one of the core group who marched on Nigeria's National Assembly in 2014 for the 276 Chibok schoolgirls, and has kept the movement's daily advocacy going for over a decade.